Staffordshire - type Slipware

Defining Attributes

Typically, a thin, buff-bodied earthenware coated with white and dark slips and decorated with trailed, combed, or marbled designs. Generally, the white slip covers more of the visible surface than the dark slip. A clear lead glaze gives these vessels a yellowish "background" color. However, sometimes the visible proportion of light and dark slips is reversed, producing a brown vessel with yellow decorations.

Chronology

Slipware was being made in the Staffordshire region by the mid-17^th century. The first well-known Staffordshire slipware products were the elaborately decorated ornamental dishes and chargers popularly called Toft Ware, after the Toft family of potters, although many other individuals also made these vessels. They were in production by around 1660, and continued to be made into the 1720s. They are very rare on archaeological sites (Barker 2001:84; Grigsby 1993: 38; Lewis 1999: 24-27; Noël Hume 1970:136). Sherds from a Toft vessel were recovered from the Middle Plantation site in Anne Arundel County, Maryland (Doepkens 1991:153).

By the last quarter of the 17^th century, the production of more utilitarian trailed and combed vessels was begun. These pieces were mostly intended for poor to middle class kitchens and dining tables, as well as for use in taverns. Generally fine, well-executed combed slipwares date to the earlier colonial period, while coarser versions tend to date later. These Staffordshire-type slipwares were widely exported to America until the 1770s, although simple trailed wares continued to be made in England into the 19^th century (Grigsby 1993:8, 53; Noël Hume 1970:134-135).

Description

Fabric
Staffordshire-type slipware is an earthenware. It often has inclusions of fine sand and other materials, and can be somewhat porous. It generally has a buff to yellow body, although red or agate fabrics can also occur. On some pieces, pink clay or grog is added to the lighter-colored clay. Staffordshire-type vessels were made in two ways: thrown on a wheel, or press molded. In press molding, a flat, pancake-like "bat" of raw clay is shaped over a convex mold to form the vessel (Barker 2001:75; Cooper 1968:99; Lewis 1999:31; Noël Hume 1970:134-135).

Glaze
A clear lead glaze was applied to these vessels. It generally appears to be yellowish as a result of iron inclusions in the glaze, and because of the underlying buff fabrics and white slips that characterize Staffordshire-type wares. On flat vessels, the glaze is often on the interior only, and the bases of most Staffordshire-type slipware pieces are unglazed (Erickson and Hunter 2001:98; Grigsby 1993:39, 56).

Decoration
Several steps were involved in decorating a Staffordshire-type slipware vessel. First, the piece was coated with a white or dark slip (and occasionally both colors were used to cover a single vessel). Next, tubes were used to apply slip in a contrasting color. This slip was used to create the designs. On Toft-type dishes, on pieces with simple designs, and on vessels with molded reliefs, the decorated surface usually was first coated with a white slip. Darker slip, sometimes in several different shades, was then applied. On combed or marbled pieces, the dark slip was applied first, then wide bands of white slip were added. These bands often covered a large portion of the vessel, so that the finished piece appeared to have dark designs on a light background. Sometimes vessels were reverse decorated, with simple yellow designs on a dark brown or black background. As a general rule, only the interior of a flatware vessel was decorated, while on many hollowwares only the exterior was decorated (Cooper 1968; Erickson and Hunter 2001:101-113; Grigsby 1993).

Various techniques were employed to decorate vessels, and were sometimes used in combination on a single piece. The most basic technique is called trailing. This entails using a tube or quill to trail lines or dots of slip across a vessel. Designs included geometric or abstract patterns, flowers and animals, and human figures. Initials, words, and dates also appeared. Sometimes, simple dots predominated, especially on hollowwares. In some cases, small slip dots were placed on top of lines of slip in a contrasting color, a process called "jeweling." By the second half of the 18^th century, simple straight or wavy line designs were common on flatwares. The stripes on these pieces tended to get straighter and wider through time. Many of the "Toft" dishes and chargers from the 17^th and early 18^th centuries had a trailed trellis-like design around their rims (Erickson and Hunter 2001:111; Grigsby 1993:46-56; Noël Hume 1970:135). 

Two other decorative techniques, combing and marbling, are commonly found on Staffordshire-type sherds from American sites. Combing, also known as feathering, was created by drawing a pointed tool through bands of wet trailed slip, resulting in patterns of peaks and troughs. It was employed on both flat and hollow form vessels. Marbling entailed the twisting, or "joggling," of a vessel coated with wet trailed slip, which caused the slip trails to run across the piece and form abstract patterns. In the 17^th and 18^th centuries, marbled designs were sometimes called "agate." Among excavated examples from Williamsburg, marbling is most commonly seen on flat round dishes, with blotches of green occasionally present. Marbling can also be found on hollowwares. Combed and marbled designs tended to be more elaborate and fine-grained on early pieces than on later 18^thcentury vessels. The designs on the earlier pieces also tend to have more of a vertical appearance, while on the later wares the combing often goes around the vessel horizontally (Grigsby 1993:17-18, 56-61; Noël Hume 1970:135). Another decoration technique involved relief impressions. The impressions came in a vast variety of forms, including dates and words. Animal and human or anthropomorphic figures were popular. These designs were stamped or rouletted onto a vessel, or created when a dish was formed over an incised press mold. Slip was then applied to the low portions of the reliefs. Sometimes the reliefs remained unslipped, or the slip was applied in a pattern that did not follow the relief. Relief decoration developed in the mid-17^th century and continued in use through the mid-18^th century, but was most popular in the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries (Grigsby 1993:39-45). Sgrafitto designs, in which a tool is used to cut through a slip coating, revealing the underlying body, are occasionally found on Staffordshire-type vessels. In some cases, the body fabric consists of mixed clays of different colors (Grigsby 1993:62).

Form
Staffordshire-type slipware comes in a wide variety of utilitarian and ornamental forms. Among these are cups, tygs, mugs, posset pots, puzzle jugs, bowls, drug jars, honey pots, teapots, jugs, sweetmeat dishes, baking dishes, decorative dishes and plates, candlesticks, chamber pots, miniature cradles that were given to newlyweds, statues, and money boxes (Noël Hume1970; Grigsby 1993; Lewis 1999). Press-molded combed dishes were the most common Staffordshire product after 1740 (Grigsby 1993:52). Flat forms were often coggled or crimped to form "piecrust" impressions around the rim (Noël Hume 1970:137).

Notes
Although Staffordshire and the surrounding Midlands counties produced large quantities of slipware in the 17^th and 18^th centuries, other English centers, such as Bristol, Donyatt, and Yorkshire, made wares virtually indistinguishable from those of Staffordshire (Noël Hume 1970:134, 2001: 83; Grigsby 1993: 39, 52, 60). For this reason, the term "Staffordshire-type" is used here.

References

Barker 2001; Cooper 1968; Doepkens 1991; Erickson and Hunter 2001; Grigsby 1993; Lewis 1999; Noël Hume 1970, 2001