Curator's Choice |
||||||||||||||||
October 2009 Bannerstones By: Edward Chaney, There is a famous story about an archaeologist who took an ancient and intact spear point, broke it in half, and handed it to a shocked student, saying “same information.” The point of the story is that archaeologists should value what artifacts tell us about the past, but not the objects themselves. While this is true, we would be less than human if we didn’t occasionally stop to admire the aesthetic qualities of certain artifacts. And among the most artistic objects made in prehistoric Maryland was a type of stone tool called a “bannerstone.”
Completed bannerstones were carefully shaped and polished objects, generally symmetrical, with a perforation hole running longitudinally through the midsection. They came in a wide range of sizes and shapes, and were made from a variety of hard and soft stones. They are found throughout eastern North America, and first appeared in the archaeological record around 6000 B.C., disappearing sometime after 1000 B.C. Bannerstones are fairly rare finds, which is not surprising given the hours of labor required to make one. The raw material had to be flaked and pecked to create the basic shape, then laboriously polished smooth. A hole, sometimes several inches long, was drilled through the stone using nothing more than sand and a reed or stick.
Early archaeologists thought that bannerstones were ceremonial objects
carried on poles, like banners. This idea changed when bannerstones
and similar artifacts were discovered in association with atlatls,
or spear throwers (“atlatl” is the Aztec word for the device). Atlatls
are typically hooked sticks used to improve the velocity and accuracy
of a thrown spear or dart. When the end of the spear is placed into
the hook of a hand-held atlatl, the length of the thrower’s arm
is, in essence, extended. This means that, when throwing, force
is applied to the spear for a longer period of time, thus increasing
the spear’s velocity. Skilled use of an atlatl can easily double
the distance of a spear throw, while improving accuracy.
Atlatls were used throughout the world, but only in North America were weights
often added to them. These weights came in a wide variety of shapes
and sizes, including the bannerstone style, which was only used
east of the Mississippi. The added mass provided by the weight presumably
allowed a more forceful throw, but experiments have shown that only the smaller
weights would work with all types of atlatls, and they improved
force by only a small amount. Larger weights, including most bannerstones,
were only effective if the atlatl had a flexible, rather than rigid,
shaft. The fact that the average bannerstone hole, where it would
slide onto the atlatl, was only about ½ inch in diameter,
indicates that they were indeed probably placed onto flexible shafts.
References
|
